Which of the following is a primary characteristic of gothic literature?

Gothic literature is known for its emphasis on themes that evoke a sense of horror, death, and the supernatural. This genre often features dark settings, disturbing events, and an exploration of the macabre, incorporating elements such as ghosts, monsters, or psychological terror. The characteristic elements of gothic literature contribute to an atmosphere of suspense and dread, which is designed to provoke strong emotional responses from the reader.

In contrast, the other choices focus on themes that do not align with the defining features of the gothic genre. The focus on romantic relationships, presented in one of the options, typically belongs to romance or other literary genres that emphasize emotional connections. A lighthearted portrayal of everyday life suggests a narrative that is grounded in realism or comedy, which diverges significantly from the darker themes of gothic literature. Lastly, while exploring social justice can be a critical aspect of many literary works, it does not encapsulate the essence of gothic literature, which centers more on the psychological and supernatural elements rather than social themes. Thus, the hallmark of gothic literature is indeed its focus on horror, death, and the supernatural.